count and non-count nouns (softskill B.INGGRIS)

THE NOUN PHRASE

The noun phrase is a group of words that ends with a noun. It can contain determiners (the, a, this, etc), objectives, adverbs, and nouns. It CANNOT begin with a preposition. Remember that both subjects and complements are generally noun phrases.

COUNT AND NON-COUNT NOUNS

A count noun is one that can be counted.

Example :

Book –> one book, two book, three book,...

Student –> one student, two student, three student,...

Person –> one person, two person, three person,...

A non-count noun is one that cannot be counted.

Example :

Milk –> you cannot say one milk, two milks,...

It is possible; however, to count of some non-count nouns if the substance is placed in a countable container.

glass of milk – one glass of milk, two glass of milk,..

Some determiners can be used only with count or non-count nouns, while others can be used with either. Memorize the words in the following chart.

WITH COUNT NOUNS	WITH NON-COUNT NOUNS
a(n), the, some, any this, that, these, those none, one, two, three... many a lot of a large  (number of), a great (number of) (a) few fewer . . . than more . . . than	the, some, any this, that none much (usually in negatives or questions) a lot of a large amount of (a)   little less . . . than more . . . than

It is very important to know if a noun is count or non-count. Be sure that you know the plurals of irreguler count nouns. The following list contains some irreguler count nouns that you should know.

Person – People Foot – feet Woman – women

Child – children Mouse – mice

Tooth – teeth Man – men

The following list contains some non-count nouns that you should know.

Sand News Measles Food

Soap Mumps Information Economics

Physics Air Meat Advertising

Mathematics Politics Homework Money

*Note   : Altough advertising is a non-count noun, advertisement is a count noun. If you wish to speak of one particular advertisement, you must use this word.

Subject Area Reviews

Ø There are too many advertisements during television shows.

There is too much advertising during television shows.

Some non-count nouns, such as food, meat, money and sand, may be used as count nouns in order to indicate different types.

Ø This is one of foods that my doctor has forbidden me to eat.  (indicates a particular type of food)

Ø He studies meats. (for example, beef, pork, lamb, etc)

The word time can be either countable or non-countable depending on the context. When it means an occasion, it is countable. When it means a number of hours, days, years, etc, it is non-countable.

Ø We have spent too much time on this homework. (non-count)

Ø She has been late for class six times this semester. (count)

Articles (Penggunaan a, an dan the)

A AND AN

A or an can precede only singular count nouns; they mean one. 

They can be used in a general statement or to introduce a subject which has not been previously mentioned.

Example :

A baseball is round.                                         (general – means all baseball)

I saw a boy in the street.                                  (we don’t know which boy)

An is used before a words that begin with a vowel sound. A is used before words that begin with a consonant sound.

Example :

A book                                                  An apple

Some words can be confusing because the spelling does not indicate the pronounciation.

A house                             (begin with a consonant sound)

An hour                             (begin with a vowel sound)

A university                        (begin with a consonant sound)

An umbrella                       (begin with a vowel sound)

The following words begin with a consonant sound and thus must always be preceded by a.

European House Uniform

Eulogy Home University

Euphemism Heavy Universal

Eucalyptus Half Union

The following words begin with a vowel sound and thus must always be preceded be an.

Hour Uncle

Heir Umbrella

Herbal Unnatural

Honor Understanding

The initial sound of the word that immediately follows the indefinite article will determine whether it sound be a  or an.

Example :                            An umbrella                                       a white umbrella

                                          An hour                                              a whole hour

THE

The is used to indicate something that we already know about or something that is common knowledge.

Example :

The boy in the corner is my friend.                           (that speaker and the listener know which boy)

The earth is round.                                                  (there is only one earth)

With non-count nouns, one uses the article the if speaking in specific terms, but uses no article if speaking in general.

Example :

Sugar is sweet.                                                       (general – all sugar)

The sugar on the table is from cuba.                        (specific – the sugar that is on the table)

Normally, plural count nouns, when they mean everything within a certain class, are not preceded by the.

Normally a proper noun is not preceded by an article unless there are several people or things with the same name and the speaker is specifying one of them.

Normally words such as as breakfast, lunch, dinner, school, church, home, collage, and work do not use any article unless to restrict the meaning.

USE THE WITH	DON’T USE THE WITH
Oceans, rivers, seas, gulfs, plural Lakes The Red Sea, the Atlantic Ocean, the Persian Gulf The Great Lake Mountains The Rocky Mountains The Andes Eart, Moon The Earth, The Moon	Singular lakes Lake Geneva Lake Eric Mounts Mount Vesuvius Mount McKinley Planets, Constellations Venus, Mars, Earth, Orion

Tugas Softskill (Bahasa Inggris)

A. MEETING 3 Determiners

Choose the correct determiners in the following sentence

7. This is (too many/too much) information to learn.

This is too much information to learn.

3. She bought (that/those) cards last night.

She bought that cards last night.

B. MEETING 4 Articles

In the following sentence supply the article (a,an or the) if they are necessary. If no article is necessary, leave the space blank.

7. No one in the Spanish class knew a correct answer to Mrs. Perez's questions 

(The blank after "answer to" no article necessary)

3. Rita is studying an English and a math this semester.

(Nothing the blank)

Tugas Bahasa Inggris (Softskills)

QUOTED SPEECH & REPORTED SPEECH

 NPM  : 13214673

7. Quoted speech  : Eric said, "I will come to meeting tomorrow." (Future Tense)

    Reported speech : Eric said that he would come to meeting the next day. (Past Future Tense)

3. Quoted speech  : Mary said, "I am planning to take a trip next week." (Present Continuous Tense)

    Reported speech : Mary said that she was planning to take a trip the following week. (Past Continuous Tense)

How to change Quoted speech to Reported speech

How to change Quoted speech to Reported speech

 

A. Definition

     Quoted speech is exactly what the person said. 

     Report speech is not exactly what the person said, it's like a summary what the person said.

B. How to change

     1. First, you must now what is the tenses of quoted speech.

     2. Then, the tenses of Reportedspeech is one step back (previous) of Quoted speech's tenses.

         Like this table bellow :
     

     

     3. Then, change the quotation marks with "said"

     4. If there any Adv. time, change with this below :
    

     Examples :

     1. Q : Adam said, "I works hard."

         R : Adam said that he worked hard.

     2. Q : Nayla said, "I am sleepy now."

         R : Nayla said that she was sleepy then. 

     3. Q : Alice said, "I'm not going to Chicago."

         R : Alice said that she was not going to chicago.

     4. Q : Ryani said, "I should visit my aunt and uncle."

         R : Ryani said that she should visit her aunt and uncle.

 

 

   

Jenis Tenses (Bahasa Inggris Softskills)

10 jenis Tenses Bahasa Inggris beserta pengertian, rumus, dan contoh kalimatnya.

1. Simpe Present Tense
Simple Present Tense merupakan pola kalimat untuk menyatakan kebiasaan, peristiwa dan fakta yang terjadi di masa sekarang.


RUMUS
a. Untuk subjek i, you, they, we.
    (+)  S  +  V1  +  O
    (-)  S  +  do not  +  V1  + O
    (?) Do  +  S  +  V1  +  O

b. Untuk subjek he, she, it.
    (+)  S  +  V1  s/es  + O
    (-)  S  +  does not  +  V1  +  O
    (?) Does  +  S  +  V1  +  O


CONTOH
(+)  They play a game.
(-)   They do not play a game.
(?)  Do they play a game?




2. Simple Past Tense
Simple Past Tense merupakan pola kalimat untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang terjadi di masa lampau.


RUMUS
(+)  S  +  V2  +  O
(-)   S  +  did not  +  V1  +  O
(?)  Did  +  S  +  V1  +  O


CONTOH
(+)  He bought a book yesterday.
(-)   He did not buy a book yesterday.
(?)  Did he buy a book yesterday?




3. Present Continuous Tense
Present Continuous Tense merupakan pola kalimat untuk menyatakan tindakan yang berangsung sekarang atau pada saat pembicaraan sedang berlangsung.


RUMUS
(+)  S  +  to be  +  V-ing  +  O
(-)  S  +  to be not  +  V-ing  +  O
(?)  To be  +  S  +  V-ing  +  O  


CONTOH
(+)  He is sleeping.
(-)   He is not sleeping.
(?)  is he sleeping?




4. Past Continuous Tense
Past Continuous Tense merupakan pola kalimat yang menunjukkan peristiwa yang terjadi pada waktu tertentu di masa lalu.


RUMUS
(+)  S  +  was/were  +  V-ing  +  O
(-)  S  + was/were not  +  V-ing  +  O
(?)  Was/were  +  S  +  V-ing  +  O


CONTOH
(+)  He was sleeping at this time last night.
(-)  He was not sleeping at this time last night.
(?)  Was he sleeping at this time last night?



5. Past Perfect Tense
Past Perfect Tense merupakan pola kalimat untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang berlangsung di masa lampau dan telah selesai pada suatu waktu sebelum peristiwa lainnya terjadi.


RUMUS
(+)  S  +  Had  +  V3
(-)  S  +  Had Not  +  V3
(?)  Had  +  S  +  V3    


CONTOH
(+)  The bus had left.
(-)  The bus had not left.
(?)  Had the bus left?



6. Present Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Tense merupakan pola kalimat untuk menyatakan perbuatan yang terjadi di masa lalu dan telah selesai pada waktu tertentu atau masih berlanjut hingga sekarang.


RUMUS
(+)  S  +  have/has  +  V3  +  O
(-)  S  +  have/has not  +  V3  +  O
(?)  Have/has  +  S  +  V3  +  O


CONTOH
(+)  She has lived in Bandung since January.
(-)  She has not lived in Bandung Since January.
(?)  Has she lived in Bandung since January?




7. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Present Perfect Continuous Tense merupakan pola kalimat untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang terjadi di masa lampau dan masih berlangsung saat di bicarakan.  


RUMUS
(+)  S  +  Has/have  +  been  +  V-ing  +  O
(-)  S  +  Has/have  +  not  +  been  +  V-ing  +  O
(?)  Has/have  +  S  +  been  +  V-ing  +  O


CONTOH
(+)  You have been working with your computer all day.
(-)  You have not been working with your computer all day. (?)  Have you been working with your computer all day?



8. Future Tense
Future tense merupakan pola kalimat untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang akan dilakukan atau peristiwa yang akan terjadi di masa mendatang.


RUMUS
(+)  S  +  Will  +  V1  +  O
(-)  S  +  Will not  +  V1  +  O
(?)  Will  +  S  +  V1  +  O


CONTOH
(+)  He will come tonight.
(-)  He will not come tonight.
(?)  Will he come tonight?    




9. Future Continuous Tense
Future Continuous Tense merupakan pola kalimat yang menunjukkan peristiwa yang akan sedang terjadi pada waktu tertentu di masa mendatang.  


RUMUS
(+)  S  +  Will be  +  V-ing
(-)  S  +  Will not be  +  V-ing
(?)  Will  +  S  +  V-ing  


CONTOH
(+)  He will be Playing.
(-)  He will not be Playing.
(?)  Will he be playing?




10. Simple Future Tense
Simple Future Tense merupakan pola kalimat untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang akan dilakukan atau peristiwa yang akan terjadi di masa mendatang.  


RUMUS
(+)  S  +  to be  +  going to  +  V1  +  O
(-)  S  +  to be not  +  going to  +  V1  +  O
(?)  To be  +  S  +  going to  +  V1  +  O  


CONTOH
(+)  She is going to visit her grandmother next week.
(-)  She is not going to visit her grandmother next week.
(?)  Is she going to visit her grandmother next week?

PROMOTION

PROMOTION  

Many things can be persued to achieve the target of the company, one of them is the promotion.  A promotion is an increase in rank that may also be accompanied by a raise in pay, benefits and responsibility. Most people view such rises positively, as they indicate that the individual is successful, valuable and useful. In many workplaces, people actively work towards this goal and its aacompanied benefits. Typically, the company is rewarded with a promotion when the company performs exemplary work or shows aptitude for a position with more responsibility.


In this case, promotion determine the attainment of a company. Promotion is the most accurate to increase product sales. If the company had difficulty in offering products, the company can do promotions. Promotion should be done as quickly as possible in order to achieve corporate goals. Many successful startups through promotion.



The company has been increasing promotion for their products. The most important in the promotion is a manager. Manager of the company has been setting the promotion. The purpose of promotion is to increase sales and improve the attractiveness of the community towards the product. Not only enchance the promotion, but also improve the performance and quality of products.


Besides the important in the promotion, manager is very important in determining the target achievement. In this case, manager of the company is doing a variety of strategies in order to do proper promotion on target. After the campaign, will increase consumer appeal. They  are (consumers) buying products because they are attracted by promotion. Besides consumers buy the products, the company's profit is increasing from the previous.